Desktop IMs have long been our favorite mode of communication. But with time, their significance has definitely come down.
Smartphones taking large part of our daily life, IM services like Whatsapp, iMessage, BBM, etc have emerged to be exchanging more messages every second. WhatsApp delivers more than 1 billion messages per day, but yet, its the most insecure way of communication.
As per a recent security analysis, WhatsApp is totally insecure way of communicating with friends.
WhatsApp Encryption
You will be surprised to know that until August 2012, messages sent through the WhatsApp service were not encrypted in any way, everything was sent in plaintext. That means if you were using Whatsapp on a public wifi, everything can be captured by anyone else sniffing ont he wireless network. The latest WhatsApp uses encryption but its this new encryption is broken. But still, phone number is sent out in plaintext.
The local storage isn’t any different, you can checkout WhatsApp Database Encryption Project Report
WhatsApp API & Reverse Engineering
If you know XMPP, the same protocol used by facebook, GTalk, and several others, you can try your hands-on WhatsAPI, an API for WhatsApp messenger.
WhatsApp uses customized XMPP server with proprietary extensions, named internally as FunXMPP.
1. WhatsApp Authentication / Login Mechanism
Just like any other XMPP, WhatsApp uses jabber id and password to login. The password is hashed, stored in servers upon account creation and used transparently everytime the client connects the server.
Its an incredibly horrible implementation. As researcher found out, the username is the user’s phone number – an attacker would probably already knows the victim’s number.
On Android, the password is a md5 hash of the reversed IMEI number:
$imei = "112222223333334"; // example IMEI
$androidWhatsAppPassword = md5(strrev($imei)); // reverse IMEI and calculate md5 hash
On iOS, the password is generated from the devices WLAN MAC address:
$wlanMAC = "AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF"; // example WLAN MAC address
$iphoneWhatsAppPassword = md5($wlanMAC.$wlanMAC); // calculate md5 hash using the MAC address twice
Both IMEI and MAC address are easily retrievable from devices if you have physical access to it. MAC address is much easier to capture as you can sniff on the wireless network to which iOS device is connected.
The JID is a concatenation between your country’s code and mobile number.
Initial login uses Digest Access Authentication. You can try this for yourself:
https://r.whatsapp.net/v1/exist.php?cc=$countrycode&in=$phonenumber&udid=$password $countrycode = the country calling code $phonenumber = the users phone number (without the country calling code) $password = see above, for iPhone use md5($wlanMAC.$wlanMAC), for Android use md5(strrev($imei))
The response you would receive would be in XML, containing messages designated for your phone.
2. Text Message communication
Messages are basically sent as TCP packets, following WhatsApp’s own format (unlike what’s defined in XMPP RFCs).
Photos, Videos and Audio files shared with WhatsApp contacts are HTTP-uploaded to a server before being sent to the recipient(s) along with Base64 thumbnail of media file (if applicable) along with the generated HTTP link as the message body.
WhatsApp Privacy Leak
WhatsApp shares your contacts with the server, we all know that. But the way it is done is ridiculously insecure. It basically sends contact information as:
https://sro.whatsapp.net/client/iphone/iq.php?cd=1&cc=$countrycode&me=$yournumber&u[]=$friend1&u[]=$friend2&u[]=$friend3&u[]=$friend4
The server response looks like:
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd"><plist version="1.0"><array> <dict> <key>P</key> <string>1234567890</string> <key>T</key> <integer>10817</integer> <key>S</key> <string>Some Status Message</string> <key>JID</key> <string>23xxxxxxxxx</string> <key>NP</key> <true/> </dict></array></plist> |
Key “P” is the users phone number, Key “T” seems to be the uptime(?), Key “S” is the users status message. Not sure about “JID” and “NP” yet – if you have smart guess let me know. All this information is public.
Verdict
WhatsApp is fastest growing IM service and yet, the most insecure. If you really care about your data privacy, stop using WhatsApp till its fixed. Rely on GTalk, facebook IM, which are proven to be secure by all means.
Related: Read, Extract WhatsApp Messages backup on Android, iPhone, Blackberry
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